The Varied Value of Land Essay Example for Free

The Varied Value of Land quizLand represents a quintessential issue between Native Americans and Europeans. This has been true since Columbus discovery and the time of Spanish exploration, invasion, and settlement. During the latter periods of Native American recital we observe how English colonization and then the be buzz off and growth of the United States affects the Indian Nations. During this period we mark how two divergent societies value bestow differently and the disparities resulting in conflict and Indian subjugation. The English Colonial Settlements initially viewed the land similarly as the aborigine Indian inhabitants in a particular way. The land was the provider of sustenance to both. The early English Colonies want refuge in the land, which was unlike the early Spanish whose North American invasions sought to pillage wealth through lands traversed in the name of religious virtue. The original English Colonies had fled their own religious persecution and instead settle lands to build their society within its borders. The initial contention between Indians and the English Colonies grew from the fundamental differences in each civilizations ideal of a settlement and territory.Whether an Indian Nations included permanent towns or non the Tribes Bands where predominately hunter-gatherers throughout its territory. Furthermore and unlike Europeans these Indian People shared cosmology that place them as being one with the land. The European view of land was that of property and possession. As English Colonies and the new-fangledr on Americans further coveted Indian land to satisfy expansionism and economic enterprise we observe an unending misdemeanour on Indian resources.At first there was an aggressive unfettered Indian land taking into custody and then ongoing assaults on natural resources residing on the ever-dwindling Indian lands. The stereotypes of American Indians as inferior beings with especial(a) intellect, or bloodthirst y warriors, or lacking acceptable morals initially justified Colonial expansionism chthonian pretense of ordained religiosity. Indian resistance to relentless encroachment was often confronted with rebellion and the question of sovereignty was debated.The establishment of the United States and the subsequent 1823 Supreme Court ruling of Johnson v.McIntosh made clear the government genuine that early Europeans had rights to all Indian lands by having discovered the lands. Having previously defeated the British and securing American liberty allowed the victors title be transferred to the United States. It is from this point that Conquest by Law guides the history of land possession between Native Americans and Americans. This conquest gained popular social acceptance by the mid(prenominal) 19th Century as American society adopted the political decree that it was Manifest luck to encompass the continent.The national conquest gained a legal endorsement to em position government sepa rate Indian Nations from their land as assured in 1831 by the Supreme Courts Cherokee Nation v. atomic number 31 ruling that minimized Indian sovereignty to that of being a dominated people at top hat classified as dependents of their United States government guardian. In 1832 the Worcester v. Georgia ruling held that the aforementioned Cherokee treaties and the Trade and colloquy Acts passed since 1790 did recognize Indian Nations as political entities with authority within its borders.It now excluded States from having any jurisdictional power over Indian Nations. Though this ruling established Indians as autonomous from States it put in execution what would later become Congressional plenary power and it marks the beginning of federally exercised relocation to chip in American land hunger and later efforts to manage the Indian problem. The giganticly different views regarding land combined with systematic efforts to dismantle Indian culture and pushed towards Indian eradicat ion.Second to the impact of European introduced disease it would be habitat destruction and alteration to natural Indian environments that battled Indian Nations and drove them close to extinction. more than so than overuse of natural resources it was the onset of the land being fenced and parceled which relegated Indian Nations to immobile and economically piteous and spiritually bankrupt people faced with generational social disintegration. The series of governmental polices both purposefully and seemingly inadvertently legalized this conquest.Some of the most damaging and consequential actions include the movement to reservations through the late 1800s. The reservation policy reversal known as the Allotment Act of 1887 pushed to assimilate Indians using land as the vehicle by requiring such parcels provide for the Indians as it did homesteaders without any regard to the traditional Indian land relationship. From the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 through the Termination poli cy and Relocation programs of the mid twentieth Century the importance of Indian land affinity was never validated and to do so would have required literal enforcement and complete adherence to treaties.The current era of Tribal Self-Determination beginning when the Indian Civil Rights Act enacted in 1968 does acknowledge Euro-American infringement on Indian lands. Government interventions and enforcement, whether or not serving in the best interest of sovereign Indian Nations, has not sought to return these Indian Nations to a state of a being a harmonious civilization that can be draw as a confederacy of tribes, bands, and familial clans pursuing their life cycle throughout a vast ecosystem. The Euro-American value of property and possession has prevailed.